What type of pollutants are microorganisms responsible for breaking down in wastewater treatment?

Microorganisms play a crucial role in the breakdown of organic pollutants in wastewater treatment processes. They utilize these organic materials, such as food waste, human waste, and other biodegradable substances, as their food source. Through various metabolic processes, microorganisms convert these organic compounds into simpler substances, which can then be further treated or naturally decomposed.

This microbial action is fundamental to the success of biological treatment methods, such as activated sludge systems and biofilm reactors, where the biological activity significantly reduces the concentration of organic materials in the wastewater before it is released into the environment or undergoes further treatment. By effectively breaking down organic pollutants, microorganisms help mitigate the environmental impact of wastewater discharges, ensuring that the treated effluent is safe for discharge or reuse.

In contrast, heavy metals, radioactive substances, and gases do not primarily undergo biological breakdown by microorganisms in wastewater treatment. Heavy metals often require physical or chemical treatments to remove or immobilize them, while radioactive substances typically need specialized remediation techniques. Gases, while they can be emitted as byproducts of treatment processes, are not directly broken down by microorganisms.