What determinations must all surface water treatment facilities be equipped to make?

Surface water treatment facilities play a crucial role in ensuring the safety and quality of drinking water. In order to effectively treat and monitor the water, it is essential for these facilities to measure a variety of parameters that reflect the water's quality and treatment effectiveness.

The correct choice includes pH, temperature, disinfectant residual, alkalinity, turbidity, and the jar test. Each of these parameters provides vital information:

• pH: The pH level is essential for ensuring the water is neither too acidic nor too basic, which can affect the treatment processes and the effectiveness of disinfectants.

• Temperature: This influences both the physical and chemical processes involved in treatment. For example, higher temperatures can increase the effectiveness of disinfection but may also enhance the growth of microorganisms.

• Disinfectant residual: Keeping track of the residual amount of disinfectants (like chlorine) is critical to ensuring that water remains safe as it moves through the distribution system.

• Alkalinity: This helps in buffering the water against changes in pH and is an important factor in coagulation processes during treatment.

• Turbidity: Monitoring turbidity is essential because high turbidity can shield pathogens from disinfection processes and indicates